Figure 3
Model showing average carbon isotope ratio changes in an African foodweb. By international convention
13C/12C ratios are expressed as per thousand (o/oo) in the delta
(δ) notation, relative to an international standard. One consequence is that ratios are transformed into integers, which are often negative. (Negative values occur when the sample has less
13C than the standard). The means and standard deviations for A. africanus from Makapansgat, and
A. robustus and H. ergaster from Swartkrans are shown on the lower scale.
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